Egypt
New Kingdom , XIX Dynasty
Alabaster with engraved inscription and original polychrome
Height 19 cm ( 7 1⁄2 in )
Former private collection Germany, acquired in 1974 from Galerie Ägyptischer Kunst, C. Sandmeier; private collection T.K. Köln, Germany, acquired before 2000 from Antike Kunst Göttingen
G. James: Shabtis, A Private View, Paris 2002
J & L Aubert: Statuettes Egyptienne Chaouabtis et Oushebtis, Paris 1974
The statuette is mummiform, only the hands protrude and are visible, placed beside each other on the chest. The large tripartite wig is plain. There is remaining polychrome on the in the hieroglyphs engraved in several bands and a frontal column citing the 6th chapter of the book of the dead as well as the name of the deceased.
Shabtis were first introduced in the Middle Kingdom as substitutes for the mummy in case it was destroyed. During the Second Intermediate Period inscribed wooden figures called shawabtis (after the Egyptian word for wood, shawab) began to be placed in tombs. During the New Kingdom, shabtis assumed a new role as servant figures for the deceased. They were now depicted with agricultural equipment. By the Third Intermediate Period, the number of shabtis placed in the tomb could be up to 401 (365 workers and 36 overseers). During the Late Period the tomb figures became known as ushabtis ('answerers'), these figures represented servants who would magically answer when called upon to perform agricultural duties for the Pharaoh (in the form of Osiris) in the afterlife. Their main function was to ensure the individual's comfort and freedom from daily labour in the next life.